Appendix
Figure 1: Brown marmorated stink bugs (a) Male and (b) Female (The State University of New Jersey 2016).
The State University of New Jersey. 2016. How to Identify the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/stinkbug/identify.asp [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 2: Brown marmorated stink bugs on a (A) tomato and (B) red pepper (University of Maryland 2016).
The University of Maryland. 2016. Brown marmorated stink bug. https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/brown-marmorated-stink-bug [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 3: A Brown marmorated stink bug egg mass with hatched first instars (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 4: The lifestages of the Brown marmorated stink bug from left to right through four stages (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars) adult male and female (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 5: Brown marmorated stink bug damage on a (a) tomato (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011), (b) capsicum (DAWR 2015) and (c) nectarine (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011).
Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2011. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture). https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1100/2902-1100_pdf.pdf [accessed 24 April 2016].
Figure 6: A Maxent model of predicted climate suitability using native (black dots) and invasive (white squares) records of occurrence. The dark colour represents high suitability and the light colour represents low suitability (Zhu et al. 2012).
Zhu G, Bu W, Gao Y & Liu G. 2012. Potential geographic distribution of brown marmorated stink bug invasion (Halyomorpha halys). PLoS One 7, 2, e31246.
Figure 7: Brown marmorated stink bugs on a (a) man-made structure and (b) vehicle (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 8: Brown marmorated stink bug damage to an apple (Pennsylvania State University 2010).
Pennsylvania State University. 2010. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Entomological Notes. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug/extension_publication_file [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 9: Brown marmorated stink bugs on an ear of sweet corn (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011) and the resulting internal damage (Pennsylvania State University 2010).
Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2011. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture). https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1100/2902-1100_pdf.pdf [accessed 24 April 2016].
Pennsylvania State University. 2010. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. Entomological Notes. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug/extension_publication_file [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 10: The parasitic wasp, Telenomus podisi, on the eggs of the Brown marmorated stink bug on the underside of a leaf on a princess tree (Paulownia tomentose; Gyeltshen et al. 2013).
Gyeltshen J, Bernon G & Hodges A. 2013. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae. University of Florida. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN62300.pdf [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 11: An adult and mature nymph Brown marmorated stink bug with significant features identified (University of California 2015).
University of California. 2015. Pest Alert: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pestalert/pabrownmarmorated.html [accessed 24 April 2016].
Figure 12: Quick Image Identification guide for species similar to the Brown marmorated stink bug (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 13: Stink bugs that are similar to the Brown marmorated stink bug (a) Rough stink bug (Brochymena quadripustulata) native to the USA and Canada, (b) the Dusky stink bug (Euschistus tristigmus) which is native to the USA and (c) the Spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) is a predator stink bug that native to the USA but is used in other countries as a biological control (Paiero et al. 2013; USDA 2014; Iowa State University 2015).
Paiero SM, Marshall SA, McPherson JE & Ma MS. 2013. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas: A key to species and a review of the fauna. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification 24, 1.
USDA, United States Department of Agriculture. 2014. http://www.stopbmsb.org/stink-bug-basics/look-alike-insects/ [accessed 25 April 2016].
Iowa State University. 2015. Bug Guide. 2015. http://bugguide.net/node/view/94266/bgimage [accessed 25 April 2016].
The State University of New Jersey. 2016. How to Identify the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/stinkbug/identify.asp [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 2: Brown marmorated stink bugs on a (A) tomato and (B) red pepper (University of Maryland 2016).
The University of Maryland. 2016. Brown marmorated stink bug. https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/brown-marmorated-stink-bug [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 3: A Brown marmorated stink bug egg mass with hatched first instars (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 4: The lifestages of the Brown marmorated stink bug from left to right through four stages (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars) adult male and female (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 5: Brown marmorated stink bug damage on a (a) tomato (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011), (b) capsicum (DAWR 2015) and (c) nectarine (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011).
Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2011. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture). https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1100/2902-1100_pdf.pdf [accessed 24 April 2016].
Figure 6: A Maxent model of predicted climate suitability using native (black dots) and invasive (white squares) records of occurrence. The dark colour represents high suitability and the light colour represents low suitability (Zhu et al. 2012).
Zhu G, Bu W, Gao Y & Liu G. 2012. Potential geographic distribution of brown marmorated stink bug invasion (Halyomorpha halys). PLoS One 7, 2, e31246.
Figure 7: Brown marmorated stink bugs on a (a) man-made structure and (b) vehicle (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 8: Brown marmorated stink bug damage to an apple (Pennsylvania State University 2010).
Pennsylvania State University. 2010. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Entomological Notes. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug/extension_publication_file [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 9: Brown marmorated stink bugs on an ear of sweet corn (Virginia Cooperative Extension 2011) and the resulting internal damage (Pennsylvania State University 2010).
Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2011. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture). https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1100/2902-1100_pdf.pdf [accessed 24 April 2016].
Pennsylvania State University. 2010. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. Entomological Notes. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug/extension_publication_file [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 10: The parasitic wasp, Telenomus podisi, on the eggs of the Brown marmorated stink bug on the underside of a leaf on a princess tree (Paulownia tomentose; Gyeltshen et al. 2013).
Gyeltshen J, Bernon G & Hodges A. 2013. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae. University of Florida. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN62300.pdf [accessed 23 April 2016].
Figure 11: An adult and mature nymph Brown marmorated stink bug with significant features identified (University of California 2015).
University of California. 2015. Pest Alert: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pestalert/pabrownmarmorated.html [accessed 24 April 2016].
Figure 12: Quick Image Identification guide for species similar to the Brown marmorated stink bug (DAWR 2015).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2015. Guide to the identification of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other similar bugs. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 13: Stink bugs that are similar to the Brown marmorated stink bug (a) Rough stink bug (Brochymena quadripustulata) native to the USA and Canada, (b) the Dusky stink bug (Euschistus tristigmus) which is native to the USA and (c) the Spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) is a predator stink bug that native to the USA but is used in other countries as a biological control (Paiero et al. 2013; USDA 2014; Iowa State University 2015).
Paiero SM, Marshall SA, McPherson JE & Ma MS. 2013. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas: A key to species and a review of the fauna. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification 24, 1.
USDA, United States Department of Agriculture. 2014. http://www.stopbmsb.org/stink-bug-basics/look-alike-insects/ [accessed 25 April 2016].
Iowa State University. 2015. Bug Guide. 2015. http://bugguide.net/node/view/94266/bgimage [accessed 25 April 2016].